Date

JavaScript Date objects represent a single moment in time in a platform-independent format. Date objects encapsulate an integral number that represents milliseconds since the midnight at the beginning of January 1, 1970, UTC (the epoch).

Note: TC39 is working on Temporal, a new Date/Time API. Read more about it on the Igalia blog. It is not yet ready for production use!

Description

The ECMAScript epoch and timestamps

A JavaScript date is fundamentally specified as the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the ECMAScript epoch, which is defined as the midnight at the beginning of January 1, 1970, UTC (equivalent to the UNIX epoch).

Note: It's important to keep in mind that while the time value at the heart of a Date object is UTC, the basic methods to fetch the date and time or its components all work in the local (i.e. host system) time zone and offset.

It should be noted that the maximum Date is not of the same value as the maximum safe integer (Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER is 9,007,199,254,740,991). Instead, it is defined in ECMA-262 that a maximum of ±100,000,000 (one hundred million) days relative to January 1, 1970 UTC (that is, April 20, 271821 BCE ~ September 13, 275760 CE) can be represented by the standard Date object (equivalent to ±8,640,000,000,000,000 milliseconds).

Date format and time zone conversions

There are several methods available to obtain a date in various formats, as well as to perform time zone conversions. Particularly useful are the functions that output the date and time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the global standard time defined by the World Time Standard. (This time is historically known as Greenwich Mean Time, as UTC lies along the meridian that includes London—and nearby Greenwich—in the United Kingdom.) The user's device provides the local time.

In addition to methods to read and alter individual components of the local date and time (such as getDay() and setHours()), there are also versions of the same methods that read and manipulate the date and time using UTC (such as getUTCDay() and setUTCHours()).

Constructor

Date(): When called as a constructor, returns a new Date object. When called as a function, returns a string representation of the current date and time.

Static methods

Date.now(): Returns the numeric value corresponding to the current time—the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC, with leap seconds ignored.
Date.parse(): Parses a string representation of a date and returns the number of milliseconds since 1 January, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC, with leap seconds ignored.

Note: Parsing of strings with Date.parse is strongly discouraged due to browser differences and inconsistencies.
Date.UTC(): Accepts the same parameters as the longest form of the constructor (i.e. 2 to 7) and returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC, with leap seconds ignored.

Instance properties

These properties are defined on Date.prototype and shared by all Date instances.

Date.prototype.constructor: The constructor function that created the instance object. For Date instances, the initial value is the Date constructor.

Instance methods

Date.prototype.getDate(): Returns the day of the month (1 – 31) for the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getDay(): Returns the day of the week (0 – 6) for the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getFullYear(): Returns the year (4 digits for 4-digit years) of the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getHours(): Returns the hour (0 – 23) in the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getMilliseconds(): Returns the milliseconds (0 – 999) in the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getMinutes(): Returns the minutes (0 – 59) in the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getMonth(): Returns the month (0 – 11) in the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getSeconds(): Returns the seconds (0 – 59) in the specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.getTime(): Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC. (Negative values are returned for prior times.)
Date.prototype.getTimezoneOffset(): Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.
Date.prototype.getUTCDate(): Returns the day (date) of the month (1 – 31) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCDay(): Returns the day of the week (0 – 6) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCFullYear(): Returns the year (4 digits for 4-digit years) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCHours(): Returns the hours (0 – 23) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCMilliseconds(): Returns the milliseconds (0 – 999) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCMinutes(): Returns the minutes (0 – 59) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCMonth(): Returns the month (0 – 11) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getUTCSeconds(): Returns the seconds (0 – 59) in the specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.getYear() Deprecated: Returns the year (usually 2–3 digits) in the specified date according to local time. Use getFullYear() instead.
Date.prototype.setDate(): Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setFullYear(): Sets the full year (e.g. 4 digits for 4-digit years) for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setHours(): Sets the hours for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setMilliseconds(): Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setMinutes(): Sets the minutes for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setMonth(): Sets the month for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setSeconds(): Sets the seconds for a specified date according to local time.
Date.prototype.setTime(): Sets the Date object to the time represented by a number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC. Use negative numbers for times prior.
Date.prototype.setUTCDate(): Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setUTCFullYear(): Sets the full year (e.g. 4 digits for 4-digit years) for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setUTCHours(): Sets the hour for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setUTCMilliseconds(): Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setUTCMinutes(): Sets the minutes for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setUTCMonth(): Sets the month for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setUTCSeconds(): Sets the seconds for a specified date according to universal time.
Date.prototype.setYear() Deprecated: Sets the year (usually 2–3 digits) for a specified date according to local time. Use setFullYear() instead.
Date.prototype.toDateString(): Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a human-readable string like 'Thu Apr 12 2018'.
Date.prototype.toISOString(): Converts a date to a string following the ISO 8601 Extended Format.
Date.prototype.toJSON(): Returns a string representing the Date using toISOString(). Intended for use by JSON.stringify().
Date.prototype.toLocaleDateString(): Returns a string with a locality sensitive representation of the date portion of this date based on system settings.
Date.prototype.toLocaleString(): Returns a string with a locality-sensitive representation of this date. Overrides the Object.prototype.toLocaleString() method.
Date.prototype.toLocaleTimeString(): Returns a string with a locality-sensitive representation of the time portion of this date, based on system settings.
Date.prototype.toString(): Returns a string representing the specified Date object. Overrides the Object.prototype.toString() method.
Date.prototype.toTimeString(): Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.
Date.prototype.toUTCString(): Converts a date to a string using the UTC timezone.
Date.prototype.valueOf(): Returns the primitive value of a Date object. Overrides the Object.prototype.valueOf() method.
Date.prototype[@@toPrimitive](): Converts this Date object to a primitive value.

Examples

Several ways to create a Date object

The following examples show several ways to create JavaScript dates:

Note: When parsing date strings with the Date constructor (and Date.parse, they are equivalent), always make sure that the input conforms to the ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sssZ) — the parsing behavior with other formats is implementation-defined and may not work across all browsers. A library can help if many different formats are to be accommodated.

const today = new Date();
const birthday = new Date("December 17, 1995 03:24:00"); // DISCOURAGED: may not work in all runtimes
const birthday2 = new Date("1995-12-17T03:24:00"); // This is ISO8601-compliant and will work reliably
const birthday3 = new Date(1995, 11, 17); // the month is 0-indexed
const birthday4 = new Date(1995, 11, 17, 3, 24, 0);
const birthday5 = new Date(628021800000); // passing epoch timestamp

Formats of toString method return values

const date = new Date("2020-05-12T23:50:21.817Z");
date.toString(); // Tue May 12 2020 18:50:21 GMT-0500 (Central Daylight Time)
date.toDateString(); // Tue May 12 2020
date.toTimeString(); // 18:50:21 GMT-0500 (Central Daylight Time)
date.toISOString(); // 2020-05-12T23:50:21.817Z
date.toUTCString(); // Tue, 12 May 2020 23:50:21 GMT
date.toJSON(); // 2020-05-12T23:50:21.817Z
date.toLocaleString(); // 5/12/2020, 6:50:21 PM
date.toLocaleDateString(); // 5/12/2020
date.toLocaleTimeString(); // 6:50:21 PM

To get Date, Month and Year or Time

const date = new Date();
const [month, day, year] = [
  date.getMonth(),
  date.getDate(),
  date.getFullYear(),
];
const [hour, minutes, seconds] = [
  date.getHours(),
  date.getMinutes(),
  date.getSeconds(),
];

Interpretation of two-digit years

new Date() exhibits legacy undesirable, inconsistent behavior with two-digit year values; specifically, when a new Date() call is given a two-digit year value, that year value does not get treated as a literal year and used as-is but instead gets interpreted as a relative offset — in some cases as an offset from the year 1900, but in other cases, as an offset from the year 2000.

let date = new Date(98, 1); // Sun Feb 01 1998 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)
date = new Date(22, 1); // Wed Feb 01 1922 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)
date = new Date("2/1/22"); // Tue Feb 01 2022 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)

// Legacy method; always interprets two-digit year values as relative to 1900
date.setYear(98);
date.toString(); // Sun Feb 01 1998 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)
date.setYear(22);
date.toString(); // Wed Feb 01 1922 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)

So, to create and get dates between the years 0 and 99, instead use the preferred setFullYear() and getFullYear() methods:.

// Preferred method; never interprets any value as being a relative offset,
// but instead uses the year value as-is
date.setFullYear(98);
date.getFullYear(); // 98 (not 1998)
date.setFullYear(22);
date.getFullYear(); // 22 (not 1922, not 2022)

Calculating elapsed time

The following examples show how to determine the elapsed time between two JavaScript dates in milliseconds.

Due to the differing lengths of days (due to daylight saving changeover), months, and years, expressing elapsed time in units greater than hours, minutes, and seconds requires addressing a number of issues, and should be thoroughly researched before being attempted.

// Using Date objects
const start = Date.now();

// The event to time goes here:
doSomethingForALongTime();
const end = Date.now();
const elapsed = end - start; // elapsed time in milliseconds

// Using built-in methods
const start = new Date();

// The event to time goes here:
doSomethingForALongTime();
const end = new Date();
const elapsed = end.getTime() - start.getTime(); // elapsed time in milliseconds

// To test a function and get back its return
function printElapsedTime(testFn) {
  const startTime = Date.now();
  const result = testFn();
  const endTime = Date.now();

  console.log(`Elapsed time: ${String(endTime - startTime)} milliseconds`);
  return result;
}

const yourFunctionReturn = printElapsedTime(yourFunction);

Note: In browsers that support the Web Performance API's high-resolution time feature, Performance.now() can provide more reliable and precise measurements of elapsed time than Date.now().

Get the number of seconds since the ECMAScript Epoch

const seconds = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);

In this case, it's important to return only an integer—so a simple division won't do. It's also important to only return actually elapsed seconds. (That's why this code uses Math.floor(), and not Math.round().)

Specifications

Specification
ECMAScript Language Specification # sec-date-objects

Browser compatibility

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